The React–Predict–Manipulate Model: a proposed theoretical hierarchy of decision making in competitive environments

Maier, T., Alzahabi, R., Sharpe, B. T. and Maier, H. (2024) The React–Predict–Manipulate Model: a proposed theoretical hierarchy of decision making in competitive environments. Journal of Electronic Gaming and Esports, 2 (1). pp. 1-7. ISSN 2836-3523

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Abstract

The competitive environment, high stakes, and intense time pressure inherent in esports underscore the necessity for superior decision-making abilities under pressure. The React–Predict–Manipulate (RPM) Model offers a theoretical framework to enhance understanding and training of decision making in competitive gaming environments. Based on cognitive psychology and decision theory, the RPM Model delineates a hierarchy of cognitive processes: React, Predict, and Manipulate. Each level represents a progressive refinement in the decision-making capabilities of players—from instinctual reactions to strategic foresight and tactical manipulation. This paper explores how esports athletes can leverage this model to cultivate higher cognitive agility and strategic acumen, thus potentially improving their performance in high-stakes scenarios.

Publication Type: Articles
Additional Information: © 2024 Human Kinetics, Inc.
Uncontrolled Keywords: cognitive psychology, theory, mental model, learning
Subjects: B Philosophy. Psychology. Religion > BF Psychology
G Geography. Anthropology. Recreation > GV Recreation Leisure > GV1199 Games and amusements > GV1469.15 Computer games. Video games. Fantasy games
G Geography. Anthropology. Recreation > GV Recreation Leisure > GV557 Sports
Q Science > QA Mathematics > QA75 Electronic computers. Computer science
Divisions: Academic Areas > Institute of Education, Social and Life Sciences > Psychology
Research Entities > POWER Centre
SWORD Depositor: Publications Router Jisc
Depositing User: Publications Router Jisc
Date Deposited: 13 Oct 2025 08:10
Last Modified: 13 Oct 2025 08:10
URI: https://eprints.chi.ac.uk/id/eprint/7847

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