Abstract
This dissertation looks at the ways social workers can ethically, inclusively, and effectively support adults involved in Twelve-Step recovery programs for alcohol and substance misuse. It considers how social work values relate to the core ideas behind Twelve-Step fellowships like Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), focusing on spirituality, recovery outcomes, safeguarding, and anti-oppressive practice.
For this project, I carried out secondary research by reviewing existing academic studies and grey literature about addiction recovery, social work practice, and Twelve-Step programs. I began with a broad review of the literature, then conducted a more focused and systematic search. The materials I collected were examined using thematic analysis to draw out the main themes and debates.
My findings suggest that Twelve-Step programs can be an important source of peer support, accountability, hope, and belonging for people in recovery. Many participants say that fellowship, shared experience, and the structure offered by programs such as Alcoholics Anonymous help them stay abstinent and build a stronger sense of recovery identity. At the same time, the literature raises concerns about inclusivity, spirituality, cultural relevance, and the lack of formal oversight in peer-led recovery communities.
The literature points to several key themes, such as recovery identity, ethical challenges, the role of spirituality in social work, recovery outcomes and effectiveness, risk management, and the value of having alternative or complementary recovery options. While many Twelve-Step principles fit well with core social work values, like empowerment, relationship-based practice, and believing in people’s ability to change, there can be tensions, especially around spirituality, autonomy, and making sure the approach is accessible for everyone.
Overall, this dissertation argues that Twelve-Step programs are one possible route to recovery, not a one-size-fits-all answer. Social workers play a key role in helping people make informed choices about their recovery, always keeping anti-oppressive and person-centred values at the forefront. The findings stress the need to balance evidence-based practice with respect for each person’s beliefs, lived experiences, and recovery goals. Social workers should feel confident supporting Twelve-Step engagement when it fits, but also advocate for alternatives like harm reduction, SMART Recovery, or trauma-informed practice when those better match someone’s needs.