This monograph is a biographical study of Church-State relations in the contexts of democracy, Nazism and Communism. George Bell, an English bishop, became significant for his pioneering ecumenical work, his moral and practical support for refugees from continental Europe, his close relationship with Germans who resisted Hitler and his independent views of the conduct of the Second World War, particularly in the area of aerial bombing. He was one of the great progressive internationalists of the twentieth century, much admired by Gandhi, Visser 't Hooft and Dietrich Bonhoeffer. His significance in the life of the Arts was also considerable, not least as a friend and patron of TS Eliot, Gustav Holst and Hans Feibusch.