Articles

Handford, M. J., Bright, T. E., Mundy, P., Lake, J. P., Theis, N. and Hughes, J. D.et al (2024) A conceptual framework of different eccentric training methods. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 46 (2). pp. 148-158. ISSN 1524-1602

Comfort, P., McMahon, J. J., Lake, J. P., Ripley, N. J., Triplett, N. T. and Haff, G. G.et al (2024) Relative strength explains the differences in multi-joint rapid force production between sexes. PloS one, 19 (2). pp. 1-13. ISSN 1932-6203

Ross, J. A., Keogh, J. W. L., Lorenzen, C. and Lake, J. P.et al (2023) Effects of 56-kilogram kettlebell swing endpoint on total body mechanics. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 37 (12). pp. 2333-2338. ISSN 1064-8011

Chavda, S., Comfort, P., Lake, J. P., Bishop, C. and Turner, A. N.et al (2023) Predicting weight category–specific performance zones for Olympic, World, and European Weightlifting Competitions. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 37 (10). pp. 2038-2045. ISSN 1064-8011

Chavda, S., Lake, J. P., Comfort, P., Bishop, C., Joffe, S. and Turner, A.et al (2023) Relationship between kinetic and kinematic measures of the countermovement jump and national weightlifting performance. Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise. ISSN 2096-6709 (In Press)

Kotani, Y., Lake, J. P., Guppy, S. N., Poon, W. C. K., Nosaka, K. and Haff, G. G.et al (2023) Agreement in Squat Jump Force-Time Characteristics Between Smith Machine and Free-Weight Squat Jump Force-Time Characteristics. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 37 (10). pp. 1955-1962. ISSN 1533-4287

Guppy, S. N., Nagatani, T., Poon, W. C. K., Kendall, K. L., Lake, J. P. and Haff, G. G.et al (2023) The stability of the deadlift three repetition maximum. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. pp. 1-10. ISSN 2048-397X

Badby, A. J., Mundy, P. D., Comfort, P., Lake, J. P. and McMahon, J. J.et al (2023) The Validity of Hawkin Dynamics Wireless Dual Force Plates for Measuring Countermovement Jump and Drop Jump Variables. Sensors, 23 (10). pp. 1-15. ISSN 1424-8220

Guppy, S. N., Nagatani, T., Poon, W. C. K., Kendall, K. L., Lake, J. P. and Gregory Haff, G.et al (2023) Changes in deadlift six repetition maximum, countermovement jump performance, barbell velocity, and perceived exertion over the duration of a microcycle. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. pp. 1-21. ISSN 2048-397X

Bright, T. E., Handford, M. J., Mundy, P. D., Lake, J. P., Theis, N. and Hughes, J. D.et al (2023) Building for the Future: A Systematic Review of the Effects of Eccentric Resistance Training on Measures of Physical Performance in Youth Athletes. Sports medicine, 53. pp. 1-36. ISSN 1179-2035

Kotani, Y., Haff, G. G., Nosaka, K., Guppy, S., Poon, W., Hori, G. and Lake, J. P.et al (2022) Reliability of the squat jump force-velocity and load-velocity profiles. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 36 (11). pp. 3000-3007. ISSN 1064-8011

Bishop, C., Turner, A., Jordan, M., Harry, J., Loturco, I., Lake, J. P. and Comfor, P.et al (2022) A framework to guide practitioners for selecting metrics during the countermovement and drop jump tests. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 44 (4). pp. 95-103. ISSN 1524-1602

Handford, M. J., Bright, T. E., Mundy, P., Lake, J. P., Theis, N. and Hughes, J. D.et al (2022) The Need for Eccentric Speed: A Narrative Review of the Effects of Accelerated Eccentric Actions During Resistance-Based Training. Sports Medicine. ISSN 1179-2035

Guppy, S. N., Kotani, Y., Lake, J. P., Latella, C., Wilkie, J. C., Kendall, K. L. and Haff, G. G.et al (2022) The Agreement Between a Portable Contact-Mat and Force-Plates During Bilateral Vertical Jumps. International journal of exercise science, 15 (1). pp. 632-644. ISSN 1939-795X

McMahon, J. J., Lake, J. P. and Comfort, P. (2022) Identifying and reporting position-specific countermovement jump outcome and phase characteristics within rugby league. PLOS ONE, 17 (3). ISSN 1932-6203

Sorensen, A., Chavda, S., Comfort, P., Lake, J. P. and Turner, A.et al (2022) Intra- and inter-day reliability of weightlifting variables and correlation to performance during cleans. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 36 (11). pp. 3008-3014. ISSN 1064-8011

Soriano, M. A., Lake, J. P., Comfort, P., Suchomel, T. J., McMahon, J. J., Jiménez-Ormeño, E. and Sainz de Baranda, P.et al (2021) No differences in weightlifting overhead pressing exercises. Sports Biomechanics. pp. 1-13. ISSN 1752-6116

Guppy, S. N., Brady, C. J., Kotani, Y., Connolly, S., Comfort, P., Lake, J. P. and Haff, G. G.et al (2021) A comparison of manual and automatic force-onset identification methodologies and their effect on force-time characteristics in the isometric midthigh pull. Sports Biomechanics. pp. 1-18. ISSN 1752-6116

McMahon, J. J., Lake, J. P., Stratford, C. and Comfort, P.et al (2021) A Proposed Method for Evaluating Drop Jump Performance with One Force Platform. Biomechanics, 1 (2). pp. 178-189. ISSN 2673-7078

Comfort, P., McMahon, J., Jones, P.A., Cuthbert, M., Kendall, K., Lake, J. P. and Haff, G. G.et al (2021) Effects of spaceflight on musculoskeletal health: a systematic review and meta-analysis, considerations for interplanetary travel. Sports Medicine, 51 (10). pp. 2097-2114. ISSN 0112-1642

Bishop, C., Turner, A., Read, P., Chavda, S., Bromley, T. and Lake, J. P.et al (2021) The effects of a competitive soccer match on jump performance and inter-limb asymmetries in elite academy soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 35 (6). pp. 1707-1714. ISSN 1064-8011

James, L. and Lake, J. P. (2021) Phase specific changes in the countermovement jump occur without change in peak metrics following training. Journal of Sport and Exercise Science, 5 (3). pp. 188-192. ISSN 2703-240X

Harry, J., Tinsley, G., Barker, L., Lake, J. P., McMahon, J., Krzyszkowski, J. and Chowning, L.et al (2021) Relationships among Countermovement Vertical Jump Performance Metrics, Strategy Variables, and Inter-limb Asymmetry in Females. Sports Biomechanics. pp. 1-19. ISSN 1476-3141

Bishop, C., Turner, A., Read, P., Lake, J. P. and Loturco, I.et al (2021) A novel approach for athlete profiling: The unilateral dynamic strength index. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 35 (4). pp. 1023-1029. ISSN 1064-8011

James, L. and Lake, J. P. (2021) Training induced changes in countermovement jump phase characteristics in the absence of change in jump height or peak metrics. Journal of Sport and Exercise Science. ISSN 2703-240X (In Press)

Bishop, C., Lake, J. P., Loturco, I., Papadopoulos, K., Turner, A. and Read, P.et al (2021) Interlimb Asymmetries: The Need for an Individual Approach to Data Analysis. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 35 (3). pp. 695-701. ISSN 1064-8011

McMahon, J., Suchomel, T. J., Lake, J. P. and Comfort, P.et al (2021) Relationship between reactive strength index variants in rugby league players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 35 (1). pp. 280-285. ISSN 1064-8011

Lake, J. P., Mundy, P., Comfort, P., McMahon, J., Suchomel, T. and Carden, P.et al (2021) The effect of barbell load on vertical jump landing force-time characteristics. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 35 (1). pp. 25-32. ISSN 1064-8011

McMahon, J. J., Lake, J. P., Ripley, N. J. and Comfort, P.et al (2020) Vertical jump testing in rugby league: a rationale for calculating take-off momentum. Journal of Applied Biomechanics. pp. 1-5. ISSN 1065-8483

Turner, A., Comfort, P., McMahon, J., Bishop, C., Chavda, S., Read, P., Mundy, P. D. and Lake, J. P.et al (2020) Developing Powerful Athletes, Part 1: Mechanical Underpinning. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 42 (3). pp. 30-39. ISSN 1533-4295

Bishop, C., Abbott, W., Brashill, C., Turner, A., Lake, J. P. and Read, P.et al (2020) Bilateral vs. Unilateral Countermovement Jumps: Comparing the Magnitude and Direction of Asymmetry in Elite Academy Soccer Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 36 (6). pp. 1660-1666. ISSN 1064-8011

McMahon, J., Lake, J. P., Dos'Santos, T., Jones, P., Thomasson, M. and Comfort, P.et al (2020) Countermovement jump standards in rugby league: what is a ‘good’ performance? Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. ISSN 1064-8011 (In Press)

Chavda, S., Turner, A., Comfort, P., Haff, G. G., Williams, S. C. R., Bishop, C. and Lake, J. P.et al (2020) A Practical Guide to Analysing the Force-Time Curve of Isometric Tasks in Excel. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 42 (2). pp. 26-37. ISSN 1524-1602

Soriano, M. A., Kipp, K., Lake, J. P., Suchomel, T. J., Marin, P. J., Sainz de Baranda, M. P. and Comfort, P.et al (2020) Mechanical power production assessment during weightlifting exercises. A systematic review. Sports Biomechanics. ISSN 1476-3141

Turner, A., Comfort, P., McMahon, J., Bishop, C., Chavda, S., Read, P., Mundy, P. and Lake, J. P.et al (2020) Developing Powerful Athletes Part 2: Practical Applications. Strength and Conditioning Journal. ISSN 1533-4295 (In Press)

Madruga-Parera, M., Bishop, C., Read, P., Lake, J. P., Brazier, J. and Romero-Rodriguez, D.et al (2020) Jumping-based Asymmetries are Negatively Associated with Jump, Change of Direction, and Repeated Sprint Performance, but not Linear Speed, in Adolescent Handball Athletes. Journal of Human Kinetics, 71 (1). pp. 47-58. ISSN 1899-7562

Vigotsky, A. D., Zelik, K. E., Lake, J. P. and Hinrichs, R. N.et al (2019) Mechanical misconceptions: Have we lost the "mechanics" in "sports biomechanics"? Journal of Biomechanics, 93. pp. 1-5. ISSN 1873-2380

Lake, J. P., Augustus, S., Austin, K., Comfort, P., McMahon, J., Mundy, P. D. and Haff, G. G.et al (2019) The Reliability and Validity of the Bar-Mounted PUSH BandTM 2.0 During Bench Press with Moderate and Heavy Loads. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37 (23). pp. 2685-2690. ISSN 0264-0414

Vigotsky, A., Zelik, K., Lake, J. P. and Hinrichs, R.et al (2019) Mechanical Misconceptions: Have we lost the “mechanics” in “sports biomechanics”? Journal of Biomechanics. ISSN 0021-9290

Bishop, C., McCauley, W., Read, P., Gonzalo-Skok, O., Lake, J. P. and Turner, A.et al (2019) The acute effects of repeated sprints on inter-limb asymmetries during unilateral jumping. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. ISSN 1064-8011

Bishop, C., Berney, J., Lake, J. P., Loturco, I., Blagrove, R., Turner, A. and Read, P.et al (2019) The bilateral deficit during jumping tasks: Relationship with speed and change of direction speed performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 35 (7). pp. 1833-1840. ISSN 1064-8011

Bishop, C., Read, P., Lake, J. P., Loturco, I., Dawes, J., Madruga, M., Romero-Rodriguez, D., Chavda, S. and Turner, A.et al (2019) The unilateral isometric squat: Test reliability, inter-limb asymmetries, and relationships with limb dominance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 35 (1). S144-S151. ISSN 1533-4287

Bishop, C., Brashill, C., Abbott, W., Read, P., Lake, J. P. and Turner, A.et al (2019) Jumping Asymmetries are Associated with Speed, Change of Direction Speed, and Jump Performance in Elite Academy Soccer Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 35 (7). pp. 1841-1847. ISSN 1064-8011

Bishop, C., Turner, A., Maloney, S., Lake, J. P., Loturco, I., Bromley, T. and Read, P.et al (2019) Drop Jump Asymmetry is Associated with Reduced Sprint and Change-of-Direction Speed Performance in Adult Female Soccer Players. Sports, 7 (29). pp. 1-10. ISSN 2075-4663

Lake, J. P. and McMahon, J. (2018) Within-subject consistency of unimodal and bimodal force application during the countermovement jump. Sports (Basel, Switzerland), 6(4) (143). ISSN 2075-4663

Lake, J. P., Augustus, S., Austin, K., Mundy, P. D., McMahon, J., Comfort, P. and Haff, G. G.et al (2018) The Validity of the Push Band 2.0 during Vertical Jump Performance. Sports (Basel, Switzerland), 6 (4). ISSN 2075-4663

Lake, J. P., Mundy, P. D., Comfort, P., McMahon, J., Suchomel, T. J. and Carden, P. J. C.et al (2018) Concurrent validity of a portable force plate using vertical jump force-time characteristics. Journal of Applied Biomechanics. pp. 1-16. ISSN 1065-8483

Bishop, C., Turner, A., Lake, J. P., Read, P., Loturco, I. and Papadopoulos, K.et al (2018) Inter-limb Asymmetries: The Need for an Individual Approach to Data Analysis. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 40 (4). pp. 1-6. ISSN 1064-8011

McMahon, J., Suchomel, T. J., Lake, J. P. and Comfort, P.et al (2018) Understanding the key phases of the countermovement jump force-time curve. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 40 (4). pp. 96-106. ISSN 1533-4295

McMahon, J. J., Lake, J. P. and Comfort, P. (2018) Reliability of and relationship between flight time to contraction time ratio and reactive strength index modified. Sports, 6 (3). ISSN 2075-4663

Renals, L., Lake, J. P., Austin, K. and Keogh, J. W. L.et al (2018) The Strongman log push press: The effect log diameter has on force-time characteristics. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. ISSN 1064-8011

Lake, J. P., Mundy, P. D., Comfort, P. and Suchomel, T. J.et al (2018) Do the peak and mean force methods of assessing vertical jump force asymmetry agree? Sports Biomechanics, 19 (2). pp. 227-234. ISSN 1752-6116

Morris, R., Jones, B., Myers, T., Lake, J. P., Emmonds, S., Clarke, N. D. and Till, K.et al (2018) Isometric mid-thigh pull characteristics in elite male soccer players: Comparisons by age and maturity offset. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. ISSN 1064-8011

Dos'Santos, T., Lake, J. P. and Comfort, P. (2018) Effect of low-pass filtering on isometric mid-thigh pull kinetics. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 32 (4). pp. 983-989. ISSN 1064-8011

Chavda, S., Bromley, T., Jarvis, P., Williams, S., Bishop, C., Turner, A., Lake, J. P. and Mundy, P. D.et al (2018) Force-time characteristics of the countermovement jump: Analysing the curve in Excel. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 40 (2). pp. 67-77. ISSN 1533-4295

Morris, R., Emmonds, S., Jones, B., Myers, T., Clarke, N., Lake, J. P., Ellis, M., Singleton, D., Roe, G. and Till, K.et al (2018) Seasonal changes in physical qualities of elite youth soccer players according to maturity status: comparisons with aged matched controls. Science and Medicine in Football, 2 (4). ISSN 2473-3938

McMahon, J., Jones, P., Suchomel, T. J., Lake, J. P. and Comfort, P.et al (2018) Influence of the Reactive Strength Index Modified on Force- and Power-Time Curves. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 13 (2). pp. 220-227. ISSN 1555-0265

Bishop, C., Read, P., Lake, J. P., Chavda, S. and Turner, A.et al (2018) Inter-limb asymmetries: Understanding how to calculate differences from bilateral and unilateral tests. Strength and Conditioning Journal. ISSN 1533-4295

Lake, J. P., Duncan, F., Jackson, M. and Naworynsky, D.et al (2017) Effect of a Hexagonal Barbell on the Mechanical Demand of Deadlift Performance. Sports (Basel, Switzerland), 5 (4). pp. 1-8. ISSN 2075-4663

Lake, J. P., Naworynsky, D., Duncan, F. and Jackson, M.et al (2017) Comparison of Different Minimal Velocity Thresholds to Establish Deadlift One Repetition Maximum. Sports (Basel, Switzerland), 5 (3). ISSN 2075-4663

Mundy, P., Lauder, M. A., Smith, N. A. and Lake, J. P.et al (2017) The effects of barbell load on countermovement vertical jump power and net impulse. Journal of Sports Sciences, 35 (18). pp. 1781-1787. ISSN 0264-0414

Comfort, P., Williams, R., Suchomel, T. J. and Lake, J. P.et al (2017) A comparison of catch phase force-time characteristics during clean derivatives from the knee. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31 (7). pp. 1911-1918. ISSN 1064-8011

Suchomel, T. J., Comfort, P. and Lake, J. P. (2017) Enhancing the force-velocity profile of athletes using weightlifting derivatives. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 39 (1). pp. 10-20. ISSN 1533-4295

Suchomel, T. J., Lake, J. P. and Comfort, P. (2016) Load absorption force-time characteristics following the second pull of weightlifting derivatives. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. ISSN 1064-8011

Mundy, P. D., Lake, J. P., Carden, P. J. C., Smith, N. A. and Lauder, M. A.et al (2016) Agreement between the force platform method and the combined method measurements of power output during the loaded countermovement jump. Sports Biomechanics, 15 (1). pp. 23-35. ISSN 1476-3141

Carden, P. J., Izard, R. M., Greeves, J. P., Lake, J. P. and Myers, S. D.et al (2015) Force and acceleration characteristics of military foot drill: implications for injury risk in recruits. British Medical Journal Open Sport and Exercise Medicine, 1 (1). ISSN 2055-7647

Carden, P. J. C., Izard, R., Greeves, J. P., Lake, J. P. and Myers, S. D.et al (2015) Force and acceleration characteristics of military foot drill: implications for injury risk in recruits. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 1 (1). pp. 1-7. ISSN 2055-7647

Lake, J. P., Hetzler, B. and Lauder, M. A. (2014) Magnitude and relative distribution of kettlebell snatch force- time characteristics. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 28 (11). pp. 3063-3072. ISSN 1064-8011

Lake, J. P., Keogh, J. W. L. and Swinton, P. (2014) Practical applications of biomechanical principles in resistance training: neuromuscular factors and relationships. Journal of Fitness Research, 3 (1). pp. 19-32. ISSN 2201-5655

Lake, J. P., Mundy, P. D. and Comfort, P. (2014) Power and impulse applied during push press exercise. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. ISSN 1064-8011

Keogh, J. W. L., Lake, J. P. and Swinton, P. (2013) Practical applications of biomechanical principles in resistance training: moments and moment arms. Journal of Fitness Research, 2 (2). pp. 39-48. ISSN 2201-5655

Lake, J. P. and Lauder, M. A. (2012) Mechanical demands of kettlebell swing exercise. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26 (12). pp. 3209-3216. ISSN 1064-8011

Lake, J. P., Carden, P. J. C. and Shorter, K. A. (2012) Wearing knee wraps affects mechanical output and performance characteristics of back squat exercise. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26 (10). pp. 2844-2849. ISSN 1064-8011

Lake, J. P. and Lauder, M. A. (2012) Kettlebell swing training improves maximal and explosive strength. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26 (8). pp. 2228-2233. ISSN 1533-4287

Lake, J. P., Lauder, M. A., Smith, N. A. and Shorter, K. A.et al (2012) A comparison of ballistic and non-ballistic lower-body resistance exercise and the methods used to identify their positive lifting phases. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 28 (4). pp. 431-437. ISSN 1065-8483

Lake, J. P., Lauder, M. A. and Smith, N. A. (2012) Barbell kinematics should not be used to estimate barbell and body system centre of mass power in the back squat. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26 (5). pp. 1302-1307. ISSN 1533-4287

Lake, J. P., Lauder, M. A. and Smith, N. A. (2011) Does side dominance affect the symmetry of barbell end kinematics during lower-body resistance exercise? Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25 (3). pp. 872-878. ISSN 1064-8011

Smith, N. A., Lake, J. P. and Lauder, M. A. (2011) Barbell kinematics should not be used to estimate barbell and body system centre of mass power in the back squat. Portuguese Journal of Sport Sciences, 11 (2). pp. 895-898. ISSN 1645-0523

Smith, N. A., Lake, J. P. and Lauder, M. A. (2011) Comparison of ballistic and non-ballistic lower-body resistance exercise performance. Determining the positive lifting phase. Portuguese Journal of Sport Sciences, 11 (2). pp. 899-902. ISSN 1645-0523

Shorter, K. A., Lake, J. P., Smith, N. A. and Lauder, M. A.et al (2011) Influence of the foot-floor interface on squatting performance. Portuguese Journal of Sport Sciences, 11 (2). pp. 385-388. ISSN 1645-0523

Lake, J. P., Lauder, M. A. and Smith, N. A. (2010) The effect that side dominance has on barbell power symmetry during the hang power clean. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24 (11). pp. 3180-3185. ISSN 1064-8011

Lauder, M. A. and Lake, J. P. (2008) Biomechanical comparison of unilateral and bilateral power snatch lifts. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22 (3). pp. 653-660. ISSN 1064-8011

Book Sections

Lake, J. P. and Mundy, P. D. (2019) Assessment of Power. In: Performance Assessment in Strength and Conditioning. Routledge, Abingdon, Oxon. ISBN 9780415789387

Suchomel, T. J., McMahon, J. and Lake, J. P. (2019) Combined Assessment Methods. In: Performance Assessment in Strength and Conditioning. Routledge, Abingdon, Oxon. ISBN 9780415789387

McMahon, J., Lake, J. P. and Suchomel, T. J. (2019) Vertical jump testing. In: Performance Assessment in Strength and Conditioning. Routledge, Abingdon, Oxon. ISBN 9780415789387

Conference or Workshop Items

Lake, J. P. (2015) Comparison of peak force and mean force methods of assessing lower-body asymmetry. In: National Strength and Conditioning Association National Conference, July 2015, Orlando, Florida, USA.

Lake, J. P., Mundy, P. D. and Carden, P. J. C. (2015) THE EFFECT OF BARBELL LOAD ON VERTICAL JUMP LANDING FORCE-TIME CHARACTERISTICS. In: National Strength and Conditioning Association National Conference, July 2015, Orlando, Florida, USA.

Shorter, K. A., Lake, J. P., Smith, N. A. and Lauder, M. A.et al (2011) Comparison of ballistic and non-ballistic lower-body resistance exercise performance. Determining the positive lifting phases. In: International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports Congress XXIII, 2011, Brussels, Belgium. (Submitted)

Shorter, K. A., Lake, J. P., Smith, N. A. and Lauder, M. A.et al (2011) Cricket side strain injuries: A description of trunk muscle activity and the potential influence of bowling technique. In: International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports Congress XXIII, 2011, Brussels, Belgium. (Submitted)

Shorter, K. A., Lake, J. P., Smith, N. A. and Lauder, M. A.et al (2011) Influence of the foot-floor interface on squatting performance. In: International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports Congress XXIII, 2011, Brussels, Belgium. (Submitted)

Theses

Lake, J. P. (2010) Establishing the optimum resistance training load for maximal gains in mechanical power output. Doctoral thesis, University of Southampton; University of Chichester.